^ Hannu Rautkallio, Finland and Holocaust, New York, 1987. ^ Ylikangas, Heikki, Heikki Ylikankaan selvitys Valtioneuvoston kanslialleArchived 8 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Government of Finland. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. 'Wartime refugees made pawns in cruel diplomatic game'. ^ The Simon Wiesenthal Center, press information. Archived from the original on 4 April 2013. ^ Jews in Finland During the Second World WarArchived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine â Vuonokari, Tuulikki university paper at the Department of Translation Studies, University of Tampere, 2003. Treaty of Peace With Finland, Paris, 10 February 1947 Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea, Naval Institute Press, 2007, ISBN1-59114-345-4. Message Urging Finland to Break with Nazi Germany. Roosevelt â XXXII president of the United States: 1933â∱945. ^ The American Presidency Project: Franklin D. Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 1965, p. Finland In Crisis 1940â∱941: A Study in Small-Power Politics. 540 (Assembly Resolution.) RESOLUTION Adopted by the Council of the League of Nations, 14 December 1939 League of Nations, Official Journal 1939, p. ^ League of nations' expulsion of the USSR 14 December 1939. Seitajärvi, devastated by Soviet partisan attack in 1944. However, it is worth pointing out that nearly all Finnish military engagements in World War II were fought solely against an autocratic power, the Soviet Union, and the lack of direct conflicts specifically with other democratic countries leads others to exclude Finnish involvement in World War II as an example of a war between two or more democracies. As a result, some political scientists name it as one of the few instances where a democratic country was engaged in a war against one or more other democratic countries, namely the democracies in the Allied forces. Finland was led by its elected president and parliament during the whole 1939â∱945 period. įinland was never a member of the Axis powers as it never signed the Tripartite Pact, but was aided in its military assault on the Soviet Union by Germany from the beginning of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, and in its defence against Soviet attacks in 1944 prior to the separate peace with the Soviet Union in 1944. Finnish military and government leaders saw that the only thing left to do was to negotiate a peace treaty with Moscow. It seemed that the Red Army had inexhaustible amounts of ammunition and supplies, as attacks were always preceded by barrages, followed by aerial assaults and then random troop movements against the lines. The Soviets, using new equipment and materials, also began using tactics of rotating troops from the reserve to the front, constantly applying pressure to the Finnish defenders. The last phase began in February 1940 with a major artillery barrage that began on the 2nd and lasted till the 11th, accompanied by reconnaissance raids at key objectives. 
A lull period followed in January 1940, as the Soviet army reassessed its strategy, rearmed and resupplied. During this period the Finns are known to have been harassing supply columns and even carrying out raids against fortified Soviet positions. In the north, however, the Finns had been pushed back to Nautsi and with reinforcements took the higher ground to halt the Soviet advance south of Petsamo. By 27 December it was observed that the Soviet forces were digging in on the Karelian Isthmus. With the failure of two of its three offensives by the end of December, the Soviet headquarters ordered a cessation of operations. By late December, the two main fronts had come to a standstill as the Finns were counterattacking with more strength and the Soviets were being bogged down.
Finally, a southwards drive from the north was to capture the Petsamo region. The second front was in central Karelia, where the Soviet forces were to advance to the city of Oulu, cutting the country in half. This force was then to advance to and capture the city of Viipuri. A two-pronged attack, with one pincer engaging the Finnish forces on the Isthmus while the other went around Lake Ladoga in an attempt at encircling the defenders. The Karelian Isthmus and the area of Lake Ladoga was the primary focus of the Soviet war effort. The war was fought mainly in three areas. The Winter War was fought in three stages: the initial Soviet advance, a short lull and then a renewed Soviet offensive.
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